This is especially kept alive within the girls of the family. At an early age, they are provided with their girls dancewear and expected to memorize each step of the family dance! It’s very moving to watch them take part in their heritage.

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Women’s Literature and Writings Helps To Generate Votes.

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These facial paintings actually prevented puffy eyes! The natural ingredients in these paints helped eliminate the appearance of puffy eyes. These African tribes had it right all along! The natural ingredients work like today’s organic skin care.

Children’s Dancewear is no exception.  The type of dance demands a certain type of dancewear, but in all generations, the outward appearance of a sweet child in a particular dance outfit can transport all who are watching in to a different place and time.

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I was mildly amused by some of the descriptions used to characterize the appearance of certain types of individuals.  For example, one writing described a man from Kenya as a “mombutzi.”  I searched and it meant man with puffy eyes.

It seems that environmental conditions, including the presence of some allergens, caused East African males to suffer greatly from the effects and often these conditions were manifest through swollen, red eyes.

I guess those writing in post-colonial East Africa were just as interested in commenting on one’s appearnace as some of today’s magzines. Poor mombutzi.

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Writings show that the East  African sun had residents worried about the effects of the sun on their skin.  As they searched to create concoctions that would prevent the sun’s rays from penetrating the skin, covering up with a straw hat seemed to be the best short term solution.

Fortunately, we in modern times have so many options to fight the effects of aging because of the sun…the most noticeable being eye wrinkles.  The best eye creams contain the most active ingredients formulated to block the sun’s rays from penetrating the skin.

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With liberation and increased literacy since most African nations gained their independence in the 1950s and 1960s, African literature has grown dramatically in quantity and in recognition, with numerous African works appearing in Western academic curricula and on “best of” lists compiled at the end of the 20th century. African writers in this period wrote both in Western languages (notably English, French, and Portuguese) and in traditional African languages. Ali A. Mazrui and others mention seven conflicts as themes: the clash between Africa’s past and present, between tradition and modernity, between indigenous and foreign, between individualism and community, between socialism and capitalism, between development and self-reliance and between Africanity and humanity. Other themes in this period include social problems such as corruption, the economic disparities in newly independent countries, and the rights and roles of women. Female writers are today far better represented in published African literature than they were prior to independence. In 1986, Wole Soyinka became the first post-independence African writer to win the Nobel Prize in literature. Algerian-born Albert Camus had been awarded the 1957 prize.

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The East African Community (EAC) is a partnership community of three unified countries of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. The main office of the EAC is to be found in Arusha, Tanzania. These countries were under the British colonial power before they gained their independence. The aim of the agreement was to maintain the collaborative national trade during the British reign. The agreed partnership between the three countries was imposed in June 1967.

The objective of EAC was to strengthen the three countries by helping each other in creating one stable market and community. It was also established to creating a mutual relation between the three countries in terms of development. Its objective could be accomplished by cooperative and regulated development and trade. It was decided that all member states will accordingly receive equal share that was gained from the economic results. The organizational structure of the East African Community were directed by the Summit of Heads of State and Government which consisted of the three presidents of the three countries, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania.

Even though the purpose of the EAC was beneficial, it did not last long. Its break-up was not because of poverty but was mainly because of its organizational. The union of the three countries was influenced by political factors. The community became vulnerable to political instability after gaining independence which resulted to poor governance. Governance is an important factor in maintaining a healthy community thus having weak authority may lead to downfall of the community. This flaw led to the failure of the common services offered by their government, such as education, trade and health, which contributed largely in the volatility of the community. The leaders of the EAC were not quite communicated with each other mainly because the headquarters of the EAC was located in Kenya which gave the feeling that Kenya was having the lion’s share between the three countries. With all these predicaments, economic problems of the three countries became severe and their economy status eventually fell. There was no federation as a result, EAC had no choice but to either break-up or create a new structure that would be acceptable for the three countries. EAC could not anymore withstand its flaws thus, in 1977, it broke up and the formal agreement of division was conducted in 1983.

The three countries decided that they would work independently for a while until they have gained national stability before they would take in consideration the partnership with one another. After gaining economic and political stability, the leaders of the three countries decided to revive the defunct EAC in 1994. It was anticipated that the restoration of the EAC treaty would generate a congruent economic status for the three countries. The new EAC strategy is expected to accentuate economic partnership and progress with a strong concern for social improvement. The development of the newly formed EAC is still being underway. But based on the statistical data of the three countries, their countries are experiencing gradual improvement. There is still much more to observe in the development of EAC. Hopefully, its gradual process would constantly rise.

There are some recommendations that must be taken in mind. There should be federal government for EAC which shall be independent from the states governments. The federal government should promote local and international free trade. Having one unified currency would be a benefit for their economy. The quality education should also be improved and standardized. The three countries should also look on the other possibilities of production opportunities such as industrialization. The purpose of EAC is feasible; it may be gained with proper governance and use of the vast available resources. Every community has the chance to proliferate and so does the East African Community.

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Anti-Colonial strugglers include the people who were against the colonial rule in Kenya and India. They organized themselves in groups that led the rebellion to colonialists and waging guerrilla warfare to the colonizers.

The groups resisted the arrival of the colonizer and they were fighting for self-independence and social injustices by the colonizers and group like Irua ria Atumia among the Kikuyu community groups that resisted the British rule.

Other groups that resisted the colonial rule included the Mau Mau. The Mau Mau Rebellion waged a resistance to the British rule in Kenya and their efforts led to independence in Kenya.

Both Kenyan and Indian icons that resisted colonialism include Deaden Kimathi Waciuri who was born on October 31 1920 and died on February 18, 1957. He was a rebel Kenyan leader who fought the British colonization.

Others include Gopal Singh Chandan (1898-12969), Ramogi Achieng Oneko (1920-2007), Bildad Kagia, Kungu Karumba, Fred Kubai, and Paul Ngei (18 October 1923-15 August 2004).

Others were Pio Gama Pinto (March 31, 1927-February 25, 1965, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga (1911-1994) and Jomo Kenyetta (1849-1978) as the first President of the Republic of Kenya were among the icons in the anti-colonial strugglers in Kenya.

The British rulers also colonized the Indians and the Indians opposed the British rule. The anti- colonial groups in Indian waged resistance to the British rule by organizing civil disobedience and negotiations, Gandhi was the negotiator between the British and the Indian people.

Among the Indian icons that led into the anti-colonial struggle include Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi known to the world as Mahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) who is regarded by his countrymen as the father of nation, Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) as played a big role in liberating Indians from British colonialist to self independence.

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The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, as interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court, provides the strongest guarantee of free speech in the world. Unlike people in many other countries, Americans are free to criticize each other and government officials in language both fair and foul, to engage in racist or other hateful speech, and to use expletives and other bad language in public. In some states, like California, they may even exercise their right to free speech on other people’s private property. Americans are very proud (some foreigners would say inordinately) of their right to free speech; most of them feel that it encourages a strong free press which regularly cleanses corruption out of American government (e.g., Watergate) and thus ensures its unique stability.

By the early years of the republic when the U.S. system of checks and balances was devised, a daring journalistic community had already become established. A bold and scrappy press was an influential force in denouncing the rule of an English King and leading Colonial America into its revolution against the British Empire. With journalistic freedom protected in the 1791 Bill of Rights, the press became an assertive force during the first decades of nationhood. The U.S. media today is frequently known as the Fourth Estate, an appellation that suggests the press shares equal stature with the three branches of government created by the Constitution. But although the press was not established as an institution by the U.S. constitution, today many citizens believe that it constitutes a branch of U.S. government. Numerous debates still rise regarding press’s freedom to act as a watchdog of the American government. Is it protected by law?

Several critical court cases have been landmarks in establishing the rights of the press to pursue information and to publish government documents or derogatory information about public figures. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that the media should have some First Amendment protection from the laws of libel for fear that lawsuits and possible monetary damages might disincline media owners from fully reporting on public matters. In order for a public figure to win a defamation case against a media defendant, the plaintiff must show “actual malice,” which the courts have defined as knowledge that the published statement was false or as “reckless disregard of whether it was false or not”.

In our time, American free speech law has become an issue of international appeal since the Internet rose as another main medium of communication. Probably, this is because many banned groups can take advantage of Internet service providers based in the United States to send their messages around the world, even where such speech is banned. U.S. courts will not enforce foreign judgments contrary to domestic public policy, including the liberal U.S. policy on free speech. As for the U.S. perspective, many Americans dislike attempts by common law jurisdictions to extend their personal jurisdiction to American defendants whose alleged defamatory speech acts occurred over the Internet and were not targeted towards those jurisdictions. If the First Amendment cannot protect them, what else can? Is diplomacy a solution? The fact remains that political and social scientists seem to have set off in unknown waters.

Kadence Buchanan
http://www.articlesbase.com/affiliate-programs-articles/does-the-first-amendment-always-protect-us-media-58303.html